Skip to main content

Concrete Patterns

rascal-0.40.17

Synopsis​

Concrete patterns.

Syntax​

Concrete pattern with expected symbol type: (_Symbol_) ` Token₁ Token₂ ... Tokenₙ `
Typed variable inside a concrete pattern: <_Type_ _Var_>

Description​

A concrete pattern is a pattern for matching a Parse Tree. The notation of a concrete pattern is the object language itself, the language that the parse tree describes. In other words, you can use a code example to match parsed code using a concrete pattern. These concrete code examples can contain Variables like the other Patterns.

The mechanism of concete patterns gives a good notation for matching complex structures such as a Parse Tree, and it works in a simple manner:

  • the input code is parsed using a parser generated from a Syntax Definition; this generates parse trees.
  • the pattern example code is parsed using the same parser; this generates parse trees with Variables.
  • the parse tree with the Variables is matches against the parse tree of the input code, similarly to the way Node work.

So, you could say that Concrete are a short notation for otherwise highly complex Node on Parse Tree. Note that the VariableDeclarations in a concrete pattern can only occur in the pattern at the location where the code for a full non-terminal of the Syntax Definition would be. The structure of a concrete pattern follows the structure of the grammar in the Syntax Definition and the types of the Variables are the syntax non-terminals of the Syntax Definition.

Inside concrete syntax patterns, layout is ignored while pattern matching. So parse trees which have different whitespace and comments but are otherwise the same will match anyway.

Examples​

Examples (in a context where an appropriate concrete syntax has been defined):

  • Quoted syntax pattern with two pattern variable declarations:
rascal>import ParseTree;
ok
rascal>syntax Id = [a-z]+;
ok
rascal>syntax Num = [0-9]+;
ok
rascal>syntax Exp = left Exp "*" Exp > Exp "+" Exp |  Id | Num;
ok
rascal>layout WS = [\ \n\r\t]*;
ok
rascal>visit (parse(#Exp, "x + x")) {
>>>>>>>   case (Exp) `<Id a> + <Id b>` => (Exp) `2 * <Id a>` when a == b
>>>>>>>}
Exp: (Exp) `x + x`

Some observations about this example:

** Notice how the non-terminals Exp and Id from the Syntax Definition become types for the pattern.

** When this example pattern actually matches the variable a is bound and can be used again like any other Variable.

A full example of concrete patterns can be found in WithLayout.