Measuring Methods
rascal-0.40.17
Synopsis
We demonstrate how to extract interesting and accurate information about Java methods.
Examples
rascal>import lang::java::m3::Core;
ok
rascal>import lang::java::m3::AST;
ok
Now we can extract our overview model, using the classpath we derived:
rascal>myModel = createM3FromDirectory(|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src|);
M3: m3(
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src|,
annotations={
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Snake/squareLabel()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/landHereOrGoHome()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/newGame()|,|java+class:///Test|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move8jillWins(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/isFirstSquare()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/squareLabel()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/isOccupied()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/initialStrings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move4jillSnake(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testInRange()|,|java+class:///Test|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testMinReached()|,|java+class:///Test|>,
<|java+class:///snakes/SimpleGameTest|,|java+class:///RunWith|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move2jackBackwards(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testMaxReached()|,|java+class:///Test|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move5jackLadder(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move6jill(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/enter(snakes.Player)|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/LastSquare/isLastSquare()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/leave(snakes.Player)|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move3jackMeetsJill(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move2jillLadder(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move7jackBouncesBackToJill(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1jack(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/player()|,|java+interface:///java/lang/Override|>
},
typeDependency={
<|java+method:///snakes/Game/winner()|,|java+class:///snakes/Game|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Game/winner()|,|java+class:///snakes/Player|>,
<|java+parameter:///snakes/Player/joinGame(snakes.Game)/scope(game)/scope(0)/game|,|java+class:///snakes/Game|>,
<|java+field:///snakes/Game/winner|,|java+class:///snakes/Player|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/nextSquare()|,|java+interface:///snakes/ISquare|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/nextSquare()|,|java+class:///snakes/Game|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/nextSquare()|,|java+primitiveType:///int|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/nextSquare()|,|java+class:///snakes/Square|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/moveAndLand(int)|,|java+interface:///snakes/ISquare|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/moveAndLand(int)|,|java+class:///snakes/Game|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/moveAndLand(int)|,|java+primitiveType:///int|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Square/moveAndLand(int)|,|java+class:///snakes/Square|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///java/lang/String|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+interface:///snakes/ISquare|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///snakes/Game|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///java/lang/Object|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,|java+class:///Given|>,
<|java+method:///snakes/Game/initSquare(int,snakes.ISquare)|,|java+interface:///snakes/ISquare|>,
...
Now let's focus on the methods:
rascal>myMethods = methods(myModel);
set[loc]: {
|java+method:///snakes/Game/isValidPosition(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/firstSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/enter(snakes.Player)|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/Player/Player(java.lang.String)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/setSquareToSnake(int,int)|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/FirstSquare/FirstSquare(snakes.Game,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/winner()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/nextSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/moveAndLand(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1strings(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/initSquare(int,snakes.ISquare)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/squareLabel()|,
|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/isOccupied()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/notOver()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/findSquare(int,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/wins()|,
|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/reached(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/previousSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Die/roll()|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/initialStrings(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move4jillSnake(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/invariant()|,
|java+method:///snakes/ISquare/landHereOrGoHome()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Snake/squareLabel()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/addSquares(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testInRange()|,
|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testMinReached()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/toString()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/getSquare(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/isFirstSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/ISquare/isOccupied()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/square()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/play(snakes.Die)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/invariant()|,
|java+method:///snakes/ISquare/position()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/movePlayer(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/invariant()|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/Snake/Snake(int,snakes.Game,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/main(java.lang.String%5B%5D)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/leave(snakes.Player)|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/Ladder/Ladder(int,snakes.Game,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/isLastSquare()|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/Square/Square(snakes.Game,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/landHereOrGoHome()|,
|java+constructor:///snakes/LastSquare/LastSquare(snakes.Game,int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/ISquare/moveAndLand(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/joinGame(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/newGame()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/player()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/setSquare(int,snakes.ISquare)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move2jackBackwards(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/currentPlayer()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/isValidTransport(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/position()|,
|java+method:///snakes/DieTest/testMaxReached()|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move5jackLadder(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move6jill(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/enter(snakes.Player)|,
|java+method:///snakes/LastSquare/isLastSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/leave(snakes.Player)|,
|java+method:///snakes/ISquare/isFirstSquare()|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move3jackMeetsJill(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/isOccupied()|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move2jillLadder(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/toString()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/isOver()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Ladder/destination()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Square/position()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Player/moveForward(int)|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/invariant()|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move7jackBouncesBackToJill(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/SimpleGameTest/move1jack(snakes.Game)|,
|java+method:///snakes/FirstSquare/player()|,
|java+method:///snakes/Game/addPlayers(snakes.Player%5B%5D)...
What is the source code for any given method?
rascal>import IO;
ok
rascal>methodSrc = readFile(|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|);
str: "public ISquare landHereOrGoHome() {\n\t\treturn this.isOccupied() ? game.firstSquare() : this;\n\t}"
---
public ISquare landHereOrGoHome() {
return this.isOccupied() ? game.firstSquare() : this;
}
---
Let's print it for readability's sake:
rascal>println(methodSrc)
public ISquare landHereOrGoHome() {
return this.isOccupied() ? game.firstSquare() : this;
}
ok
How many words in this method? Let's use a regex :-)
rascal>(0 | it + 1 | /\W+/ := methodSrc)
int: 9
But now, let's get its AST
rascal>methodFiles = myModel.declarations[|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|];
set[loc]: {|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(678,94,<37,1>,<39,2>)}
Now we know what file to look in, parse it:
rascal>fileAST = createAstFromFile(|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|, true);
Declaration: compilationUnit(
package(
[],
id(
"snakes",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(8,6,<1,8>,<1,14>),
decl=|java+package:///snakes|),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(0,15,<1,0>,<1,15>),
decl=|java+package:///snakes|),
[],
[class(
[public(src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(17,6,<3,0>,<3,6>))],
id(
"Square",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(30,6,<3,13>,<3,19>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/Square|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Square|,
[])),
[],
[],
[simpleType(
id(
"ISquare",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(48,7,<3,31>,<3,38>),
decl=|java+class:///ISquare|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///ISquare|,
[])),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(48,7,<3,31>,<3,38>),
decl=|java+class:///ISquare|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///ISquare|,
[]))],
[
field(
[protected(src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(60,9,<5,1>,<5,10>))],
int(
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(70,3,<5,11>,<5,14>),
decl=|java+primitiveType:///int|,
typ=int()),
[variable(
id(
"position",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(74,8,<5,15>,<5,23>),
decl=|java+field:///snakes/Square/position|,
typ=int()),
[],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(74,8,<5,15>,<5,23>),
decl=|java+field:///snakes/Square/position|,
typ=int())],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(60,23,<5,1>,<5,24>)),
field(
[protected(src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(85,9,<6,1>,<6,10>))],
simpleType(
id(
"Game",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(95,4,<6,11>,<6,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
[])),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(95,4,<6,11>,<6,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
[])),
[variable(
id(
"game",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(100,4,<6,16>,<6,20>),
decl=|java+field:///snakes/Square/game|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
[])),
[],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(100,4,<6,16>,<6,20>),
decl=|java+field:///snakes/Square/game|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
[]))],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(85,20,<6,1>,<6,21>)),
field(
[private(src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(107,7,<7,1>,<7,8>))],
simpleType(
id(
"Player",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(115,6,<7,9>,<7,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/Player|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Player|,
[])),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(115,6,<7,9>,<7,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/Player|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Player|,
[])),
[variable(
id(
"player",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(122,6,<7,16...
one of the declarations in this file is the method we wanted to see:
rascal>methodASTs = {d | /Declaration d := fileAST, d.decl == |java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|};
set[Declaration]: {method(
[public(src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(678,6,<37,1>,<37,7>))],
[],
simpleType(
id(
"ISquare",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(685,7,<37,8>,<37,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
[])),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(685,7,<37,8>,<37,15>),
decl=|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
[])),
id(
"landHereOrGoHome",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(693,16,<37,16>,<37,32>),
decl=|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|,
typ=method(
|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|,
[],
class(
|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
[]),
[])),
[],
[],
block(
[return(
conditional(
methodCall(
this(
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,4,<38,9>,<38,13>),
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Square|,
[])),
[],
id(
"isOccupied",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(728,10,<38,14>,<38,24>),
decl=|java+method:///snakes/Square/isOccupied()|,
typ=method(
|java+method:///snakes/Square/isOccupied()|,
[],
boolean(),
[])),
[],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,17,<38,9>,<38,26>),
decl=|java+method:///snakes/Square/isOccupied()|,
typ=boolean()),
methodCall(
id(
"game",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(743,4,<38,29>,<38,33>),
decl=|java+field:///snakes/Square/game|,
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Game|,
[])),
[],
id(
"firstSquare",
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(748,11,<38,34>,<38,45>),
decl=|unresolved:///|,
typ=unresolved()),
[],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(743,18,<38,29>,<38,47>),
decl=|unresolved:///|,
typ=unresolved()),
this(
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(764,4,<38,50>,<38,54>),
typ=class(
|java+class:///snakes/Square|,
[])),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,45,<38,9>,<38,54>),
typ=unresolved()),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(716,53,<38,2>,<38,55>))],
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(712,60,<37,35>,<39,2>)),
src=|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(678,94,<37,1>,<39,2>),
decl=|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|,
typ=method(
|java+method:///snakes/Square/landHereOrGoHome()|,
[],
class(
|java+class:///snakes/ISquare|,
[]),
[]))}
If methodASTs would have been an empty set, then the search pattern /Declaration d or the condition d.decl == ... would have failed on this example. But it didn't! It found exactly one match.
Now we count the number of expressions:
rascal>(0 | it + 1 | /Expression _ := methodASTs)
int: 10
or give us the locations of all expressions:
rascal>[m.src | /Expression m := methodASTs]
list[loc]: [
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(685,7,<37,8>,<37,15>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(693,16,<37,16>,<37,32>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,4,<38,9>,<38,13>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(728,10,<38,14>,<38,24>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,17,<38,9>,<38,26>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(743,4,<38,29>,<38,33>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(748,11,<38,34>,<38,45>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(743,18,<38,29>,<38,47>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(764,4,<38,50>,<38,54>),
|tmp:///snakes-and-ladders/src/snakes/Square.java|(723,45,<38,9>,<38,54>)
]
the size should be the same, right?
rascal>import List;
ok
rascal>size([m.src | /Expression m := methodASTs]) == (0 | it + 1 | /Expression _ := methodASTs)
bool: true
Benefits
- Click on any of the printed source Locations in the terminal and the IDE brings you to the file.
- The method AST contains all structural/syntactic information about a method and its signature. They are defined in the AST module.
- Every node in the AST has been annotated with a
srcfield to explain where exactly in the file it came from - When name and type resolution is
truefor Create Ast From File, thedeclfields on given nodes point to the resolved qualified names of a reference. These qualified names coincide with the overview M3 model contents. - Pattern Matching is a very powerful way of exploring and changing ASTs
- AST and M3 models exist for other programming languages than Java. Your skills developed here may transfer to there.
- AST and M3 creation is fully based on reusing the Eclipse JDT compiler stack, which has a high quality and can also recover from local errors in input files.
- Location values like
|java+method:///org/rascalmpl/ast/Statement/VariableDeclaration/clone()|that occur in ASTs and M3 relations are clickable in the terminal window and will take you to the source code identified by the URI (and the offset).
Pitfalls
- AST's and M3 models are a snapshot representation of the current state of the code, if source code changes on disk the models are not automatically updated.
- M3 accuracy, and also AST accuracy, depends greatly on the quality of the
classPathprovided to the extraction methods.